Thus, for transitive verbs the active typically represents the subject as the actor, and the middle represents the subject as the undergoer. For Clackson (2007): “The middle is the voice used to denote that the subject is in some way affected by the verbal action. When the subject is in some way affected by the verbal action, it is said to be in the middle-passive. When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active. In grammar, voice is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb and its arguments.Ģ. The reconstructed dual in the verbal system seems to have been a late development, systematised only after the LIE split in some dialects, and disappeared in others, see §3.5.ġ. The numbers in the Indo-European verb are two: singular and plural, and it is the only common class with the noun. The persons are three: first, second, and third.ĩ. The aorist, meaning the completed action, is then reconstructed as a third PIE aspect, following mainly the findings of Old Indian, Greek, and also – mixed with the imperfect and perfect stems – Latin.Ĩ. The aorist merged with the imperfect stem in Northwestern dialects, and further with the perfect stem in Germanic, Italic, Celtic and Tocharian. From this reconstructed original PIE verbal system, a future stem was created from some present stem formations. The perfect stem, giving the perfect, only later specialised in present and past. The aorist stem with secondary endings, giving the aorist (always past), usually in zero grade, with dialectal augment. The present stem, which gives the present with primary endings and the imperfect with secondary endings. There are three verbal tense-stems we will deal with in this grammar: For the state derived from the action, the perfect (or more exactly stative).ħ. For continued, not completed action, the present.ī. The so-called future stem is generally believed to have been an innovation in post-LIE, not spreading to some dialects before the general split of the proto-languages however, the distinction between a present and a future tense is common to all IE languages.Ī. An old injunctive is also reconstructed to account for S.LIE forms v.i. The subjunctive, for potentiality, possibility. The optative, for intentions or hopes for action.ĭ. The indicative, for plain statement of objective fact.Ĭ. The voices are two: active and middle (or more exactly middle-passive).Ī. Through its conjugation the verb expresses voice, mood, tense, person and number.ģ.
The inflection of the verb is called its conjugation.Ģ.
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